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5 November 2003  |     mail this article   |     print   |  
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Media zijn slachtoffer en dader bij oorlog tegen Irak - 1
Door Daan de Wit
Met betrekking tot de media en de tweede Golfoorlog is meer te melden dan het grote aantal jubelende ingezonden brieven van Amerikaanse soldaten in Irak die op de afzender na identiek bleken te zijn. Sterker, het is ouwe koek, want niet zo heel lang geleden vond opeens jan en alleman Bush een 'genuine leader', zie de tweede alinea in deze DaanSpeak.

Nee, dan 'retired U.S. Air Force Colonel Sam Gardiner'. Hij legt in een uitgebreide analyse (PDF) uit hoe de media zich een oor heeft laten aannaaien door het Witte Huis en Downing Street bij meer dan vijftig nieuwsverhalen. Gardiner: 'In the most basic sense, Washington and London did not trust the peoples of their democracies to come to right decisions. Truth became a casualty. When truth is a casualty, democracy receives collateral damage.'

Deel van de aanval op Irak, is de aanval op het publiek met PsyOps
Zijn collega 'Lieutenant-Colonel Steven Collins [..,] chief of PSYOPS in the Operations Division at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe' legt op een Navo-website uit hoe dat in z'n werk kan gaan. Hij schrijft in zijn artikel genaamd Mind Games : 'Of special interest in the case of Operation Iraqi Freedom are public diplomacy, the deliberate attempt to persuade foreign audiences of the content and wisdom of one's policies, intentions and actions, and PSYOPS, the use of activities, predominantly media, to influence and persuade foreign audiences'.
'Although initially controversial, the decision to embed was, in retrospect, a brilliant move for several reasons. First, reporters who wanted to be embedded were forced to undergo a mandatory mini-boot camp, which gave many their first appreciation of the challenges faced by the average soldier. Second, embedding created an inevitable bond between reporters and the units they covered. And third, embedding made sense because it ensured the safety of the reporters and gave the world its first "real-time coverage" of a battlefield.' Met die laatste zin bedoelt hij dat je als kijker het idee hebt iets te zien zonder dat dat het geval is. De laatste keer dat er daadwerkelijk iets te zien was, was tijdens de Vietnamoorlog. Dat nooit meer , dachten de regeringsleiders toen.
De Washington Post schrijft : 'Since the end of the Vietnam War, presidents have worried that their military actions would lose support once the public glimpsed the remains of U.S. soldiers arriving at air bases in flag-draped caskets. To this problem, the Bush administration has found a simple solution: It has ended the public dissemination of such images by banning news coverage and photography of dead soldiers' homecomings on all military bases.' De onzichtbare slachtoffers van Bush.

Land of the free, home of censuur
Niet alleen in de VS wordt censuur gepleegd. 'One factor undermining efforts to have an effect on world opinion today is the proliferation of news sources', klaagt Steven Collins, waarna hij een van de oplossingen van dit probleem presenteert: '[...] the Coalition attempted to take Iraqi television news service off the air through both bombing and electronic jamming – as much, if not more, for the impact it was having outside Iraq than for the impact it was having within the country. [...] In addition to setting up its own radio transmitters, the Coalition attempted electronically to jam Iraqi radio stations, in order to gain a monopoly on the information available to the Iraqi people through this medium.
Denk in dit verband ook even aan de afgezwaaide bom van de Amerikanen die in april terecht kwam op het kantoor in Baghad van Al Jazeera, waarbij een journalist om het leven kwam en de Amerikaanse bom die in 2001 in Kabul het kantoor van Al Jazeera trof.

Het verschil tussen witte en zwarte PsyOps
Naast het bekende folderwerk (in de oorlog met Irak 40 miljoen leaflets) en het gebruik van speakers met overredende teksten en zelfs oorlogsgeluiden teneinde verwaring te stichten, maakten de VS ook gebruik van sms en email om de Iraakse leiders te beïnvloeden. Dit is allemaal klein bier en wordt ook wel 'witte' PsyOps (psychological operations) genoemd. Collins: 'The PSYOPS tactics described to date are all examples of so-called "White PSYOPS" , which openly and accurately declares who is sponsoring the product. During the Iraqi conflict, so-called "Black PSYOPS" — PSYOPS that purportedly is produced by one source, but is actually created by someone else — was also deployed. The US Central Intelligence Agency reportedly set up Black PSYOPS stations as early as February 2003. One such station, Radio Tikrit, tried to build up its credibility by claiming to be managed by loyal Iraqis in the Tikrit area and by maintaining an editorial line slavishly supportive of Saddam Hussein. Within a few weeks, however, the tone changed and the station became increasingly critical of Saddam. The hope of Black PSYOPS is that the target audience does not see through the ruse and believes the information is coming from the wrongly attributed source, which it sees as more credible. The risk, of course, is that if the ruse is discovered, the trustworthiness of the entire PSYOPS effort, both White and Black, is damaged.'

Disinformatie ontmaskerd, maar effectief
Onder welke categorie zouden de ingezonden brieven vallen, uit de intro bij deze DaanSpeak? Die bleken namelijk geïniteerd door 'Lt. Col. Dominic Caraccilo'. De website AntiWar is er eens diep ingedoken en ontdekte dat deze Caraccilo op allerlei plekken -tot aan de Washington Post aan toe- opduikt om disinformatie te verspreiden. 'But the letter campaign seemed in keeping with Pentagon policy', schrijft de Herald Tribune met het linkeroog iets toegeknepen en het hoofd iets schuin houdend. Het roept het door Rumsfeld aangekondigde, afgeblazen en weer aangekondigde disinformatiebureau Office of Strategic Influence (OSI) in herinnering. (Zie ook het vijfde punt in deze DaanSpeak). De Tribune: 'So, it wasn't hard to believe that the disinformation campaign might have extended to the U.S. media, or that the effort might have taken the shape of a form letter. When less than full and honest disclosure is Pentagon policy, skepticism is warranted.'

Publiek kiest zelf voor disinformatie
Vooral in de VS maakt men het zich niet makkelijk, want bovenop alle PsyOps kiest men massaal voor waarheid-vermijdende media. Het best bekeken nieuwskanaal op de Amerikaanse kabel is het uiterst conservatieve Fox. Recent is Charlie Reina, een producer van Fox, na zes jaar uit de school geklapt over de praktijken van zijn voormalig werkgever: "Daily life at [Fox] is all about management politics....Editorially, the FNC newsroom is under the constant control and vigilance of management....[Fox] is, to a large extent, 'Roger's Revenge' against what he considers a liberal, pro-Democrat media establishment'. Roger is Roger Ailes, 'a shrewd Republican political operative who earned a well-founded reputation for bare-knuckle campaigning while working for Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan', schrijft de LA Times.
De werkdagen bij Fox worden voorafgegaan door een verkapte oekaze in de vorm van een memo. Reina: 'The Memo is the bible. If, on any given day, you notice that the Fox anchors seem to be trying to drive a particular point home, you can bet The Memo is behind it. The Memo was born with the Bush administration, early in 2001, and, intentionally or not, has ensured that the administration's point of view consistently comes across on [Fox]'.

Ook op de hoogste niveau's promotie van de neo-conservatieve ideeën
Naast de bedankjes aan de afdeling PsyOps van het Amerikaanse leger en aan tv-kanaal Fox kan op de aftiteling bij deze oorlog met Irak straks komen te staan: 'Deze oorlog werd mede mogelijk gemaakt door het neo-conservatieve American Enterprise Institute'. We hebben al vaker geschreven over deze club omdat het een van de belangrijke drijfveren is achter de huidige politieke situatie in de VS en daarmee in de wereld. Wat schets onze verbazing dan ook, is dat we in de Nederlandse media nergens iets hebben gelezen over de 'closed-doors two-days conference organized by the Italian section of the Aspen Institute and by the New Atlantic Initiative of the American Enterprise Institute under the auspices of the Italian Government'.
Erover is wel te lezen in een artikel van Adele Oliveri op ZNet. Zij schrijft dat het organiseren van de conferentie voortkomt uit de 'impellent need for the US to resume dialogue with Europe, especially at a time when EU governments are debating the EU's geostrategic role on the international scenario [... the beginning of the EU Intergovernmental Conference to approve, by the end of the year, the draft European Constitution]. According to [Michael] Ledeen [met Richard Perle 'arguably two of the strongest advocates of an endless "war on terror"'], the US would be better off with a strong Europe, with a coherent policy and modern armed forces; reading behind the lines, a Europe capable of "projecting power" outside its own borders and that can support the United States in its war against the "Axis of Evil". An idea of Europe which is definitely not supported by the great majority of its population, as we have demonstrated times and times again, on several occasions, during the antiwar demos last spring.'

The Guardian laat zien hoe het wel moet
Het is niet allemaal kommer en kwel. George Monbiot schrijft in The Guardian (ons toegespeeld door een lezer) van 28 oktober een artikel dat beoordeeld naar inhoud en vorm zo de lesboeken in kan van de scholen voor journalistiek. De inhoud is onthullend en maakt inzichtelijk, de vorm is beheersd, praktisch en niet te lang. Het gaat over de Engelse en Amerikaanse neo-conservatieve newspeak die van de president van Oesbekistan een vriend maakt en van Saddam een vijand. In Oesbekistan zitten duizenden mensen om politieke en religieuze redenen gevangen en sommigen van hen worden gemarteld door het afscheuren van huid of breken van vingers of worden gedood met behulp van hamers. Een andere al gebruikte vorm van moord is het koken in water.

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